Ten Years of Measurements of Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor by MOZAIC. Part I: Climatology, Variability, Transport, and Relation to Deep Convection

Ten years (1994–2004) of measurements of tropical upper-tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) by the Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) are investigated over three regions—the tropical Atlantic, tropical Africa, and the Asian monsoon region—to determine the UTWV climatology and variability on multiple scales and to understand them in relation to moisture transport and deep convection. The seasonal migration of upper-tropospheric humidity (UTH) keeps pace with that of the ITCZ, indicating the convective influence on UTH distribution. Some significant regional differences are identified with the tropical Africa and the Asian monsoon regions being moister than the tropical Atlantic. UTH generally increases with height by 10%–20% relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) from about 300 to 200 hPa, and the differences are larger in the deep Tropics than in the subtropics. The probability density functions of tropical UTH are often bimodal. The two modes stay rather constant; differences in the mean value are largely due to the variations in the proportion of the two modes as opposed to changes in the modes themselves. In the deep Tropics, the moisture level frequently reaches ice supersaturation, the most notable case being the near-equatorial Asian monsoon region during the wet season when ice supersaturation is observed 46% of the time. Interannual variations are observed in association with the 1997–98 ENSO event. A warming of about 1–2 K is observed for all three regions equatorward of roughly 15°. Specific humidity also increases somewhat for the tropical Atlantic and tropical Africa, but the increase in temperature outweighs the increase in specific humidity such that RH decreases by 5%–15% RHi. In addition to the ENSO-related variation, MOZAIC also sees increases in both RH and specific humidity over tropical Africa from 2000 onward. Moisture fluxes are computed from MOZAIC data and decomposed into contributions from the mean circulation and from eddies. The flux divergence, which represents the moisture source/sink from horizontal transport, is also estimated. Finally, the MOZAIC climatology and variability are revisited in relation to deep convection obtained from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP).